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Harold MacMillan Biography |
Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton (February 10, 1894 - December 29, 1986) was a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963.
Early life
Macmillan was born in London. He was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford. He served with distinction in WW I, being wounded on three occasions. Elected to the House of Commons in 1924 for Stockton-on-Tees, he lost his seat in 1929 only to return in 1931. In the 1930s he was stuck on the backbenches, his leftish ideas and sharp criticism of Baldwin and Chamberlain served to isolate him. In WW II he was part of the wartime coalition government, he worked with the Ministry of Supply before being sent to North Africa in 1942 as British government representative to the Allies in the Mediterranean.
He returned to England post-war and after the massive electoral defeat of 1945. When the Conservatives regained power in 1951 he was minister of housing (October 1951) then minister of defense (October 1954) under Winston Churchill and foreign secretary (April-December 1955) and chancellor of the exchequer (1955-57) under Anthony Eden. When Eden resigned in January 1957 he was succeeded by Macmillan on the 10th (despite many expecting R.A. Butler to succeed instead) and Macmillan also became leader of the Conservative Party (22nd).
Government
Macmillan brought the monetary concerns of the exchequer into office - the economy was his prime concern. However his approach to the economy was to seek high employment, whereas his treasury ministers argued that to support sterling required strict controls on money and hence a rise in unemployment. Their advice was rejected and in January 1958 all the Treasury ministers resigned. Macmillan brushed aside this incident as "a little local difficulty". Macmillan supported the creation of the National Incomes Commission as a means to institute controls on income as part of his growth without inflation policy, a further series of subtle indicators and controls were also introduced during his premiership.
Macmillan also took close control of foreign policy. He worked to narrow the rift post-Suez with the U.S., where his wartime friendship with Eisenhower was useful, and the two had a pleasant conference in Bermuda as early as March 1957. The better relationship remained after the ascent of Kennedy. Macmillan also saw the value of a rapproachment with Europe and sought belated entry to the European Economic Community (EEC) as well as exploring the possibility of a European Free Trade Area (EFTA). In terms of the Empire Macmillan continued the divestment of the colonies, his "wind of change" speech (February 1960) indicating his policy. Ghana and Malaya were granted independence in 1957, Nigeria in 1960 and Kenya in 1963. However in the Middle East Macmillan ensured Britain remained a force - intervening over Iraq in 1958 and 1960 as well as becoming involved in Oman.
He led the Conservatives to victory in the October 1959 general election, increasing his party's majority from 67 to 107 seats. The election campaign had been based on the economic improvements achieved, the slogan "Life's Better Under the Conservatives" was matched by Macmillan's own remark, "most of our people have never had it so good" usually paraphrased as "You've never had it so good." The actual growth rate, compared to the rest of Europe, was weak and marked a relative decline distorted by high defence expenditure.
Following the technical failures of a British independent nuclear deterrent with the Blue Streak and the Blue Steel projects, Macmillan negotiated the supply of American polaris missiles under the Nassau agreement in December 1962. Previously he had agreed to base sixty Thor missiles in Britain under joint control, and since late 1957 the American McMahon Act had been eased to allow Britain more access to nuclear technology.
Macmillan was a major force in the successful negotiations leading to Britain, the U.S., and the Soviet Union signing the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1962. His previous attempt to create an agreement at the May 1960 summit in Paris had collapsed due to the Gary Powers affair.
Britain's application to join the EEC was vetoed by Charles de Gaulle (January 29, 1963), in part due to his fear that "the end would be a colossal Atlantic Community dependent on America" and in part in anger at the Anglo-American nuclear deal.
Britain's balance of payments problems led to the imposition of a wage freeze in 1961. This caused the government to lose popularity and led to a series of by-election defeats. He organised a major Cabinet change in July 1962 but he continued to lose support from within his party. He was also embarrassed by the Profumo Affair of 1963. Following ill health and surgery he resigned on October 18, 1963. He was succeeded by Alec Douglas-Home, the foreign secretary. This proved controversial as it was alleged that Macmillan had pulled strings and utilised the party's grandees, nicknamed "The Magic Circle", to ensure that Butler was not chosen as his successor.
Retirement
Macmillan initially refused a peerage and retired from politics in September 1964. Over the next twenty years he made the occasional intervention. Following Margaret Thatcher's election as leader of the Conservative Party, Macmillan was found to be intervening more often as the record of his premiership came under attack from the monetarists in the party. In one of his more memorable contributions he likened Margaret Thatcher's policy of privatisation to "selling the family silver". In 1984 he finally accepted a peerage and was created Earl of Stockton in 1984. He died at Birch Grove in Sussex in 1986 at the age of 92 years and 322 days - to date the greatest age attained by any British Prime Minister.
External Link
BBC Harold Macmillan obituary (http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/29/newsid_2547000/2547307.stm)
Cabinets
January 1957 - October 1959
Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister
Lord Kilmuir: Lord Chancellor
Lord Salisbury: Lord President of the Council
Richard Austen Butler: Lord Privy Seal and Secretary of State for the Home Department
Peter Thorneycroft: Chancellor of the Exchequer
Selwyn Lloyd: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
Alan Lennox-Boyd: Secretary of State for the Colonies
Lord Home: Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
Sir David Eccles: President of the Board of Trade
Charles Hill: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Lord Hailsham: Minister of Education
John Scott Maclay: Secretary of State for Scotland
Derick Heathcoat Amory: Minister of Agriculture
Iain Macleod: Minister of Labour and National Service
Harold Arthur Watkinson: Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation
Duncan Edwin Sandys: Minister of Defence
Lord Mills: Minister of Power
Henry Brooke: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs
Change
March 1957 - Lord Home succeeds Lord Salisbury as Lord President, remaining also Commonwealth Relations Secretary.
September 1957 - Lord Hailsham succeeds Lord Home as Lord President, Home remaining Commonwealth Relations Secretary. Geoffrey Lloyd succeeds Hailsham as Minister of Education. The Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Reginald Maudling, enters the Cabinet.
January 1958 - Derick Heathcoat Amory succeeds Peter Thorneycroft as Chancellor of the Exchequer. John Hare succeeds Amory as Minister of Agriculture.
October 1959 - July 1960
Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister
Lord Kilmuir: Lord Chancellor
Lord Home: Lord President of the Council and Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
Lord Hailsham: Lord Privy Seal and Minister of Science
Derick Heathcoat Amory: Chancellor of the Exchequer
Richard Austen Butler: Secretary of State for the Home Department
Selwyn Lloyd: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
Iain Macleod: Secretary of State for the Colonies
Reginald Maudling: President of the Board of Trade
Charles Hill: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Sir David Eccles: Minister of Education
Lord Mills: Chief Secretary to the Treasury
Ernest Marples: Minister of Transport
Duncan Edwin Sandys: Minister of Aviation
Harold Arthur Watkinson: Minister of Defence
John Scott Maclay: Secretary of State for Scotland
Edward Heath: Minister of Labour and National Service
John Hare: Minister of Agriculture
Henry Brooke: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs
July 1960 - October 1961
Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister
Lord Kilmuir: Lord Chancellor
Lord Hailsham: Lord President of the Council and Minister of Science
Edward Heath: Lord Privy Seal
Selwyn Lloyd: Chancellor of the Exchequer
Richard Austen Butler: Secretary of State for the Home Department
Lord Home: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
Iain Macleod: Secretary of State for the Colonies
Duncan Edwin Sandys: Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
Reginald Maudling: President of the Board of Trade
Charles Hill: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Sir David Eccles: Minister of Education
Lord Hailsham: Minister of Science
Lord Mills: Chief Secretary to the Treasury
Ernest Marples: Minister of Transport
Peter Thorneycroft: Minister of Aviation
Harold Arthur Watkinson: Minister of Defence
John Scott Maclay: Secretary of State for Scotland
John Hare: Minister of Labour and National Service
Christopher Soames: Minister of Agriculture
Henry Brooke: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs
October 1961 - July 1962
Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister
Lord Kilmuir: Lord Chancellor
Lord Hailsham: Lord President of the Council and Minister of Science
Edward Heath: Lord Privy Seal
Selwyn Lloyd: Chancellor of the Exchequer
Richard Austen Butler: Secretary of State for the Home Department
Lord Home: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
Iain Macleod: Secretary of State for the Colonies
Duncan Edwin Sandys: Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
Frederick Erroll: President of the Board of Trade
Iain Macleod: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Sir David Eccles: Minister of Education
Henry Brooke: Chief Secretary to the Treasury
Ernest Marples: Minister of Transport
Peter Thorneycroft: Minister of Aviation
Harold Arthur Watkinson: Minister of Defence
John Scott Maclay: Secretary of State for Scotland
John Hare: Minister of Labour and National Service
Christopher Soames: Minister of Agriculture
Charles Hill: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs
Lord Mills: Minister without Portfolio
July 1962 - October 1963
Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister
Richard Austen Butler: Deputy Prime Minister and First Secretary of State
Lord Dilhorne: Lord Chancellor
Lord Hailsham: Lord President of the Council and Minister of Science
Edward Heath: Lord Privy Seal
Reginald Maudling: Chancellor of the Exchequer
Henry Brooke: Secretary of State for the Home Department
Lord Home: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
Iain Macleod: Secretary of State for the Colonies
Duncan Edwin Sandys: Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
Frederick Erroll: President of the Board of Trade
Iain Macleod: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Sir Edward Boyle: Minister of Education
John Boyd-Carpenter: Chief Secretary to the Treasury
Ernest Marples: Minister of Transport
Julian Amery: Minister of Aviation
Peter Thorneycroft: Minister of Defence
Antony Nobel: Secretary of State for Scotland
John Hare: Minister of Labour and National Service
Christopher Soames: Minister of Agriculture
Sir Keith Joseph: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs
Enoch Powell: Minister of Health
William Francis Deedes: Minister without Portfolio |
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