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Aristide Briand Biography |
Aristide Briand (March 28, 1862 - March 7, 1932) was a French statesman.
He was born at Nantes, of a bourgeois family. He studied law, and soon went into politics, associating himself with the most advanced movements, writing articles for the anarchist journal Le Peuple, and directing the Lanterne for some time. From this he passed to the Petite Republique, leaving it to found L'Humanité, in collaboration with Jean Jaurès.
At the same time he was prominent in the movement for the formation of trade unions, and at the congress of working men at Nantes in 1894 he secured the adoption of the labour union idea against the adherents of Jules Guesde. From that time, Briand became one of the leaders of the French Socialist party. In 1902, after several unsuccessful attempts, he was elected deputy. He declared himself a strong partisan of the union of the Left in what is known as the Bloc, in order to check the reactionary deputies of the Right. From the beginning of his career in the chamber of deputies, Briand was occupied with the question of the separation of church and state. He was appointed reporter of the commission charged with the preparation of the law, and his masterly report at once marked him out as one of the coming headers. He succeeded in carrying his project through with but slight modifications, and without dividing the parties upon whose support he relied.
He was the principal author of the law of separation, but, not content with preparing it, he wished to apply it as well, especially as the existing ministry of Maurice Rouvier was allowing disturbances during the taking of inventories of church property, a clause of the law for which Briand was not responsible. Consequently he accepted the portfolio of public instruction and worship in the Sarrien ministry (1906). So far as the chamber was concerned his success was complete. But the acceptance of a portfolio in a bourgeois ministry led to his exclusion from the Unified Socialist party (March 1906). As opposed to Jaurès, he contended that the Socialists should co-operate actively with the Radicals in all matters of reform, and not stand aloof to await the complete fulfilment of their ideals.
Briand succeeded Clemenceau as Prime Minister in 1909, serving until 1911, and served again for a few months in 1913. In October 1915, following on French defeats in the First World War, Briand again became Prime Minister, and, for the first time, Foreign Minister, succeeding René Viviani and Théophile Delcassé respectively. His tenure was not particularly successful, and he resigned in March 1917 as a result of disagreements over the prospective Nivelle Offensive, to be succeeded by Alexandre Ribot.
Briand returned to power in 1921, but his efforts to come to an agreement over reparations with the Germans failed in the wake of German intransigence, and he was succeeded by the more bellicose Raymond Poincaré. In the wake of the Ruhr Crisis, however, Briand's more conciliatory style became more acceptable, and he returned to the foreign office in 1925, remaining in that position until his death in 1932.
Aristide Briand received the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize together with Gustav Stresemann (Germany) and Austen Chamberlain (United Kingdom), for the Locarno treaties. A 1927 proposal by Briand and United States Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg for a universal pact outlawing war led the following year to the Pact of Paris.
Reference
This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.
Briand's First Government, 24 July 1909 - 3 November 1910
Aristide Briand - President of the Council and Minister of the Interior and Worship
Stéphen Pichon - Minister of Foreign Affairs
Jean Brun - Minister of War
Georges Cochery - Minister of Finance
René Viviani - Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
Louis Barthou - Minister of Justice
Auguste Boué de Lapeyrère - Minister of Marine
Gaston Doumergue - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
Joseph Ruau - Minister of Agriculture
Georges Trouillot - Minister of Colonies
Alexandre Millerand - Minister of Public Works, Posts, and Telegraphs
Jean Dupuy - Minister of Commerce and Industry
Briand's Second Minister, 3 November 1910 - 2 March 1911
Aristide Briand - President of the Council and Minister of the Interior and Worship
Stéphen Pichon - Minister of Foreign Affairs
Jean Brun - Minister of War
Louis Lucien Klotz - Minister of Finance
Louis Lafferre - Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
Théodore Girard - Minister of Justice
Auguste Boué de Lapeyrère - Minister of Marine
Maurice Faure - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
Maurice Raynaud - Minister of Agriculture
Jean Morel - Minister of Colonies
Louis Puech - Minister of Public Works, Posts, and Telegraphs
Jean Dupuy - Minister of Commerce and Industry
Changes
23 February 1911 - Briand succeeds Brun as interim Minister of War.
Briand's Third Government, 21 January - 22 March 1913
Aristide Briand - President of the Council and Minister of the Interior
Charles Jonnart - Minister of Foreign Affairs
Eugène Étienne - Minister of War
Louis Lucien Klotz - Minister of Finance
René Besnard - Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
Louis Barthou - Minister of Justice
Pierre Baudin - Minister of Marine
Théodore Steeg - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
Fernand David - Minister of Agriculture
Jean Morel - Minister of Colonies
Jean Dupuy - Minister of Public Works, Posts, and Telegraphs
Gabriel Guist'hau - Minister of Commerce and Industry
Briand's Fourth Government, 29 October 1915 - 12 December 1916
Aristide Briand - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
Joseph Galliéni - Minister of War
Louis Malvy - Minister of the Interior
Alexandre Ribot - Minister of Finance
Albert Métin - Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
René Viviani - Minister of Justice
Lucien Lacaze - Minister of Marine
Paul Painlevé - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
Jules Méline - Minister of Agriculture
Gaston Doumergue - Minister of Colonies
Marcel Sembat - Minister of Public Works
Étienne Clémentel - Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs
Léon Bourgeois - Minister of State
Denys Cochin - Minister of State
Émile Combes - Minister of State
Charles de Freycinet - Minister of State
Jules Guesde - Minister of State
Changes
15 November 1915 - Paul Painlevé becomes Minister of Inventions for the National Defense in addition to being Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts.
16 March 1916 - Pierre Auguste Roques succeeds Galliéni as Minister of War
Briand's Fifth Government, 12 December 1916 - 20 March 1917
Aristide Briand - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
Hubert Lyautey - Minister of War
Albert Thomas - Minister of Armaments and War Manufacturing
Louis Malvy - Minister of the Interior
Alexandre Ribot - Minister of Finance
Étienne Clémentel - Minister of Commerce, Industry, Labour, Social Security Provisions, Agriculture, Posts, and Telegraphs
René Viviani - Minister of Justice, Public Instruction, and Fine Arts
Lucien Lacaze - Minister of Marine
Édouard Herriot - Minister of Supply, Public Works, and Transport
Gaston Doumergue - Minister of Colonies
Changes
15 March 1917 - Lucien Lacaze succeeds Lyautey as interim Minister of War.
Briand's Sixth Government, 16 January 1921 - 15 January 1922
Aristide Briand - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
Louis Barthou - Minister of War
Pierre Marraud - Minister of the Interior
Paul Doumer - Minister of Finance
Charles Daniel-Vincent - Minister of Labour
Laurent Bonnevay - Minister of Justice
Gabriel Guist'hau - Minister of Marine
Léon Bérard - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
André Maginot - Minister of War Pensions, Grants, and Allowances
Edmond Lefebvre du Prey - Minister of Agriculture
Albert Sarraut - Minister of Colonies
Yves Le Trocquer - Minister of Public Works
Georges Leredu - Minister of Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions
Lucien Dior - Minister of Commerce and Industry
Louis Loucheur - Minister of Liberated Regions
Briand's Seventh Government, 28 November 1925 - 9 March 1926
Aristide Briand - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
Paul Painlevé - Minister of War
Camille Chautemps - Minister of the Interior
Louis Loucheur - Minister of Finance
Antoine Durafour - Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions
René Renoult - Minister of Justice
Georges Leygues - Minister of Marine
Édouard Daladier - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
Paul Jourdain - Minister of Pensions
Jean Durand - Minister of Agriculture
Léon Perrier - Minister of Colonies
Anatole de Monzie - Minister of Public Works
Charles Daniel-Vincent - Minister of Commerce and Industry
Changes
16 December 1925 - Paul Doumer succeeds Loucheur as Minister of Finance.
Briand's Eighth Government, 9 March - 23 June 1926
Aristide Briand - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
Paul Painlevé - Minister of War
Louis Malvy - Minister of the Interior
Raoul Péret - Minister of Finance
Antoine Durafour - Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions
Pierre Laval - Minister of Justice
Georges Leygues - Minister of Marine
Lucien Lamoureux - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
Paul Jourdain - Minister of Pensions
Jean Durand - Minister of Agriculture
Léon Perrier - Minister of Colonies
Anatole de Monzie - Minister of Public Works
Charles Daniel-Vincent - Minister of Commerce and Industry
Changes
10 April 1926 - Jean Durand succeeds Malvy as Minister of the Interior. François Binet succeeds Durand as Minister of Agriculture.
Briand's Ninth Government, 23 June - 19 July 1926
Aristide Briand - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
Louis Guillaumat - Minister of War
Jean Durand - Minister of the Interior
Joseph Caillaux - Minister of Finance
Antoine Durafour - Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions
Pierre Laval - Minister of Justice
Georges Leygues - Minister of Marine
Bertrand Nogaro - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
Paul Jourdain - Minister of Pensions
François Binet - Minister of Agriculture
Léon Perrier - Minister of Colonies
Charles Daniel-Vincent - Minister of Public Works
Fernand Chapsal - Minister of Commerce and Industry
Briand's Tenth Government, 29 July - 3 November 1929
Aristide Briand - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
Paul Painlevé - Minister of War
André Tardieu - Minister of the Interior
Henry Chéron - Minister of Finance
Louis Loucheur - Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions
Louis Barthou - Minister of Justice
Georges Leygues - Minister of Marine
Laurent Eynac - Minister of Air
Pierre Marraud - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
Louis Antériou - Minister of Pensions
Jean Hennessy - Minister of Agriculture
André Maginot - Minister of Colonies
Pierre Forgeot - Minister of Public Works
Georges Bonnefous - Minister of Commerce and Industry |
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